Shi`a Pajoohi

Shi`a Pajoohi

"Islamic Unity" from the Perspective of Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi and Sultan Abd al-Hamid II

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
1 Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
2 PhD Holder in History, Member of the Institute of History and Culture of Iran, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran,
Abstract
"Islamic Unity" was one of the currents of thought in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Under this title, for a while, the ideal of unity of Islamic countries was included in the work plan of thinkers and even political activists of the Islamic world. In the meantime, Iran and the Ottoman Empire played a more prominent role as two independent Islamic countries. The role of Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi and Sultan Abd al-Hamid II in this regard is especially noteworthy, as the Islamic Unity is associated with the name of Sultan Abd al-Hamid II, and its definition and description is not possible without mentioning Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi. In this article, we intend to examine the similarities and differences of Islamic Unity from the perspective of Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi and Sultan Abd al-Hamid II, using library resources and descriptive-analytical method. The findings show that Islamic Unity was not a homogeneous idea and according to the social and geographical position of its preachers, different definitions have been proposed. This is also true of the understanding of the well-known and main preachers, namely Sayyid Jamal and Sultan Abd al-Hamid, and undoubtedly Islamic Unity considered by Sayyid Jamal al-Din, apart from many similarities, differed from Islamic Unity in the view of Sultan Abd al-Hamid. 
Keywords

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